Kolab A Sex Trafficking Survivor from Cambodia - 1562 Words

â€Å"They forced me to sleep with as many as 50 customers a day. I had to give [the pimp] all my money. If I did not [earn a set amount] they punished me by removing my clothes and beating me with a stick until I fainted, electrocuting me, cutting me† (Global Sex Trafficking 1). This is the real-life testimony of a woman named Kolab, a sex trafficking survivor from Cambodia who shares her story with Equality Now, a female human rights advocate organization. Sucked into a world of fear, subjugation, and danger, Kolab demonstrates a lifestyle that no female would ever want to imagine-yet which for many women is their everyday reality. Often times, when we hear the term â€Å"sex trafficking† we think of an illegal form of sexual exploitation, but†¦show more content†¦Thus, the profit margin for this market provides a large incentive for those operating this illegal underground industry. Based on the impact report from the Charity Sub organization, â€Å"sex tr afficking has an estimated revenue of $87 million every day† (Sex Trafficking in the U.S 2). This strikingly high number is generated by â€Å"cash quotas imposed on victims, ranging from $100- $1000 night† (Sex Trafficking in the U.S 2). The profitability of the sex trafficking industry is comparable to the yearly income of McDonalds, also counting â€Å"$32 billion in revenue from franchise stores† as suggested by Business Insider’s annual report (Lubin 2). This financial aspect of sex trafficking is unfortunately a catalyst to its growth and enables it to circumvent many of the efforts to investigate and counteract the crimes. There are many obstacles in the attempt to combat the sex industry. Sex trafficking is somewhat of a moving target. Sex slaves are often transported to many locations and across many borders before they arrive at the site where sexual acts are performed. Thus, the financial burden on municipalities, states and governments is taxing. In order to pursue a case of sex trafficking in the United States, a special human trafficking task force is required. Sex trafficking cases are generally pursued from the end to the beginning, meaning it is generally identified by a local law enforcement agency first. Next cases that can beShow MoreRelatedProstitution Is Legal For Human Trafficking1010 Words   |  5 Pageshuman beings just like everyone else.† That disgusts me, are the thoughts I was having when I saw that Thailand has a total of around three million sex workers in their country, and the number is increasing. Prostitution is legal but human trafficking is not. How can we make pro stitution legal and then not expect is to lead to more human trafficking around the world. Prostitution is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Usually when you think about prostitution

Reality TV Research - 1402 Words

Reality TV Research Why is that reality TV shows instead of encouraging, end up discouraging someone? The whole purpose of being a part of a TV show is try to win because you feel confident in what you are competing for. However in shows such as Americas Next Top Model the judges seek for the contestants flaws and point them out. According to Jennifer Pozner’s â€Å"Ghetto Bitches, China Dolls, Cha Cha Divas† reality shows contradict themselves. Pozner points out that a contestant was asked what she felt she was more of, Korean or American. She said she had never really thought of it, she didn’t really know which one she considered herself more of. Why does she have to choose between either? Wasn’t she supposed to be unique? Feel confident in†¦show more content†¦Even though the participants felt like it was bad to watch reality shows they watched them for self-purpose. They watched it for many different purposes the most common were; great escape , it offered an opportunity to sample other lifestyles, and an opportunity to contemplate what they would do in a similar situation. Not only that but another very different situation that I had not thought of, which was that reality television shows dont require viewers full attention â€Å"unlike scripted television dramas where they fall behind if they miss an episode† (221). This is great for college students and there chaotic schedules. The results indicated that even though there is a bad social stigma in watching reality shows the college students still watched them for self-purpose. The next article I found was called â€Å" An Exploratory Study of Reality Appeal: Uses and Gratifications of Reality TV Shows,† by Zizi Papacharissi and Andrew L. Mendelson. Papacharassi et al. discuss the results of a survey done to reality television viewers. Uses and gratifications of watching reality television shows is based on five assumptions: behavior is with a purpose, vie wers select media based on there specific needs, viewers are influenced by many social factors, viewers know of there specific needs and know if the media is satisfying it or not, and all the media compete to be the most popular. The survey results of whyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Neoliberal Ideals On The Portrayal Of Class1144 Words   |  5 PagesPortrayal of Class in Reality TV Over the past two decades, reality TV has become an increasingly popular genre of media and a staple in entertainment culture. As reality TV has continued to grow, scholars have become interested in examining the societal effects of the messages that it promotes. Thus, scholarly research in the genre of reality TV examines how the use of neoliberal ideals affects the portrayal of socioeconomic class. This field of study was first founded in the research of neoliberalism’sRead MoreLiving Out the Reality of Others?1478 Words   |  6 Pagesingredients for most of today’s reality TV shows. Guess who’s watching them? Millions of young people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ilisa Cohen, 14). The world is changing in many different ways and people are influenced by many different situations. Teenagers are however, easily influenced by the good, the bad, and the reality. Not only are teenagers observing from the reality around them, but reality that is shown on television and sometime s in commercials as well. Teenagers find role models in the reality shows they see on televisionRead MoreReality Tv Affects Young Women930 Words   |  4 Pagesin 2011 entitled â€Å"Real to Me: Girls and Reality TV† in which they gave many statistics to support the way in which reality TV affects young women. In this study, they collected data from over 1,100 girls around the country and what they found was astonishing. Many of the girls, 50 percent of them to be exact, believed that real-life reality shows are â€Å"mainly real and unscripted† (Girl Scouts Institute 1). Their study showed that girls who consumed reality TV are more likely to be focused on theirRead MoreHaving Regulations On Reality T.V.1083 Words   |  5 Pagesto whether there should be regulations on reality tv shows or not It would be a positive gesture to hold regulations on reality tv. Although having regulations on reality tv limits violence, decreases bad ratings, and makes the show more fa mily oriented, it can make the show less intriguing because it wouldn’t be as melodramatic, it wouldn’t be real if it had rules, and it limits the freedom of the people on the show. According to Shannon Kelly, reality television has the worst reputation of anyRead MoreThe Impact of Reality Tv on the Teenagers1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact Of Reality TV on the Teenagers in Mumbai Nimish Satpute St. Andrews College Instructors : Prof. Meenakshi Kamat : Prof. Jenny Benoy Abstract Reality-based television programming has become a dominant force in television over the past seven years and a staple of most networks’ primetime lineups. This relatively quick change in the television landscape and the sudden increase in viewers’ consumption of reality televisionRead MoreReason why People Watch Reality TV Shows1283 Words   |  6 Pagesaddicted to watching their favorite shows on TV? Have you ever wondered why reality TV is so popular? This paper is an explanation of why large numbers of people watch reality TV shows. Proof and facts will be provided showing that reality TV provides entertainment, inspiration, the stirring of emotions, vicarious living, and a substitute for social life for many who watch. Here are a few examples of these statements. One of the main reasons for watching reality TV is to provide people with entertainmentRead MoreTelevision And Young Women s Western Society1587 Words   |  7 PagesYoung Women in Western Society Reality television is considered to be essentially unscripted and unfiltered television programs where people showcase themselves depicting their real lives, the good, the bad and the ugly. Reality TV shows like â€Å"The Real Housewives† or â€Å"The Kardashians† exploit the lives of wealthy high-class people who portray drama, fortune and materialistic things. Since the beginning of the reality show phenomenon critics have been debating that reality television is nothing moreRead MoreFactors that Contribute to the Popularity of Reality Shows on TV874 Words   |  4 PagesResearch aim and significance This study examines voting – a feature of interaction and engagement of audience with reality television. The study aims to investigate which factors influencing on television viewers’ decision to vote and also provide an exploration on their psychological side which may be vital for understanding their interactive behaviors. In the context of greater interaction between the programs and its audiences has been stimulating by television producers, it is significant toRead MoreDiscuss The Article ‘Reinforcing The Myth: Constructing1546 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian identity in â€Å"reality TV† ’. The main contention in Price Erma’s article ‘ Reinforcing the myth: Constructing Australian identity in â€Å"reality TV† ’ which published online on May 2010, is to portray the myth of Australian identity shows in TV that there is a balance to measure how much is true, how much is false. Erma leads the reader to understand that the myth is against ‘reality TV’ because there always has tension between ideas of credibility and performance even TV shows are based on ‘real’Read MoreThe Stereotypical Reality Of Television1624 Words   |  7 PagesThe Stereotypical Reality in TV Although television can sometimes be educational, it is often agreed that reality TV creates dangerous stereotypes. These days, it seems like producers are willing to turn almost anything into a an hour long weekly series. Another growing concern that may indirectly promote stereotypes is the issue of privacy in reality TV. It is said that â€Å"participants in reality shows have openly admitted that giving the public access to the most personal moments of their lives

Role of Education in Improving Job Opportunities

Question: Explain how education plays an important role in improving job opportunities and holds significant value in the employability among youths in Australia. Answer: 1.0 Introduction Education is the process of gathering knowledge and information and harnessing skills and expertise, which critically lead to the development of the skills and the intellect level of human beings. Education is said to have a positive correlation with the employability among youths in Australia. The purpose of the research is to evaluate and estimate the reason for the unemployment level in Australia and study the correlation of education is raising employment prospect in Australia (Croucher Woelert, 2015). 1.1 Background of the Study The unemployment level in Australia rose to 6.3 %, which was the maximum percentage recorded in the last 13 years (Croucher Woelert, 2015). One of the probable causes of such unemployment level is estimated to be modest and low level education existing in the education system of Australia. The poor infrastructure in the education system has led to the decline in the employment level in Australia. The youths have been viewed to neglect education, in order to undertake part time jobs. The evaluations of journal and scholarly articles have shed critical light into the approach of the students towards education. More and more students tend to focus on part time job opportunities with very little focus and initiative towards a full time job and this infers lack of interest and approach completion necessary level of education. The rising trend of unemployment is noticed among men with no post school education, which has critical implication on the unemployment level in Australia (Marginso n, 2015). 1.2 Rationales of the Study Unemployment is a grave issue for any country and the economy and the growing trend of unemployment is an alarming sign for any economy of nay country (Davidson, 2014). It is estimated the unemployment level rose to 6.3 %, which was the highest recorded in the last 13 years (Croucher Woelert, 2015). According to surveys, about 55% of shortage of labor has been reported by companies and industries, which has impacted the output and growth of the economy of Australia (Croucher Woelert, 2015). It can be inferred that unemployment tends to reduce and have adverse implication on the economy of Australia. It also affects the human capital formation. The detrimental implications of unemployment can be traced from the economic development of the country. Therefore, the study focuses on the educational factors that play an important role in combating the evils of unemployment and raising employability among youths in Australia. 1.3 Aim of the research The aim of the research is to study and evaluate the employability among youths in Australia. 1.4 Research objectives The research objectives of the study are: To evaluate the impact of unemployment in Australia. To evaluate the role of educational factors in the employability level in Australia To identify the causes behind the growing unemployment in Australia To provide suitable recommendation for curbing unemployment in Australia 1.5 Research Questions The research questions are: How education factors play an important role in the employability level of Australia? How the growing unemployment affect the economy and total employability level in Australia? How suitable recommendation can be provided for curbing the unemployment in Australia? 1.6 Research Hypothesis H0: Education factors do not influence the employability level in Australia H1: Education factors do influence the employability level in Australia Variables used for measurement are employability index and professional skills. Employability index sheds critical light into the areas where employment is available and the skills where job opportunities are in abundance. Professional skills refer to facts as to what the skills are in abundance and labor is in abundance. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction It can be seen that the unemployment level is on the rise in Australia. The current state of the employment level is declining with the unemployment being recorded at 6.3%. The trend of education system has been inferred to be of low and substandard. The poor quality of the education system has contributed to the unemployment level in Australia. The tendency of the youth to be drifted from education to part time jobs has contributed to the declining status of the education system in Australia (Eichengreen Hatton, 2012). Lack of planning and acquiring fulfillment of full time jobs is another area of concern regarding unemployment level in Australia. It is of critical nature that the role of the education factors in employability among youths and students in Australia need to be evaluated and recognized. It is a very important aspect to be referred while understanding and assessing the unemployment situation in Australia. 2.2 Concept of education Education is the process of gathering and accumulation knowledge and skill on various subjects and topics (Milner et al. 2013). Education is a process of improving and enhancing the skill in order to develop the skills and competence of a person. Education could be theoretical and practical. Theoretical education is based conceptual and theory based knowledge comprising of laws and conceptual definitions that is available in textbooks and course books. Practical knowledge is an implication of theoretical knowledge (Smyth, 2013). It is the practical application of the theoretical knowledge gathered from text books and course books. In Australia every citizen does receive formal education. Every youth in Australia does receive primary education and senior secondary education, which is the basic level of education that an individual acquires (Hall et al. 2013). Most students and youth do undertake this basic level of education. The overlap and the deviation noticed in the vocational and training education. Most of the students tend to branch out of studies during the bachelors degree education and 20% of the youths of Australia are estimated to have undertaken bachelors degree education. 44% of the youths are seen to undertake certificate 3 and 4 education. The diffusion is seen in advance diploma studies where 35% of the students undertake diploma studies (Eichengreen Hatton, 2012). The statistical data show a sharp and steep decline in the masters and doctorate education. It can be inferred that higher the qualification and degree in education, the better the job opportunity for an individual. The relationship between education qualifications and job opportunities share a positive correlation. Therefore, the role of education is very important in employability among youths in Australia. 2.3 Concept of unemployment The concept of unemployment is described as a situation when people who are unwillingly not able to obtain employment. It is an adverse situation for an economy (Davidson, 2014). Unemployment tends to affect the human capital formation. It is a situation, which affects the economy of a country and also the economic development of a country. In Australia, the scale of unemployment has been escalating at a high scale, with the rate being observed at 6.3% (Croucher Woelert, 2015). This is the highest rate that has been observed in Australia. In Australia, unemployment has been described as a situation if the person has not worked for one hour in the past week despite looking for a prospective job opportunity. People who working in the black economy and are not seeking jobs are excluded from such definition. Unemployment has been nagging problem for Australia with low level of education and lack of education being the prime cause for this result (Carvalho, 2015). 2.4 Impact of unemployment and the significance of education in reducing unemployment The evils of unemployment are experienced by the economy of the country and the lives of citizens are severely hampered by unemployment. Unemployment has a scarring effect among youths ranging between 15 and 39 (Qi, X et al. 2015). The shortage of labor and the scarcity of skilled labor is present in most industries and sectors in Australia. The application of higher education and education factors play an important role in eliminating unemployment level in Australia. Education is importance for enhancing job opportunities for people in Australia (Carvalho, 2015).From the literature review, it can be seen that the null hypothesis is not applicable and void, while the alternative hypothesis is true and signifies its relevance in the research topic. Research Methodology This section of the research will focus on the research methodologies that are used to get an accurate and conclusive result that is proposed for the study. Adopting appropriate and correct research methods are required to derive appropriate and correct results (Bhandari Blumenthal, 2013). 3.1 Research outlines For the purpose of conducting the research, the research concepts and methods like positivism research philosophy, descriptive research approach and deductive research approach primary research data collection and secondary research data collection are used. During the collection of data, both qualitative and quantitative techniques are used for deriving and obtaining correct and true data by using students and youths in Australia 3.2 Data Collection Methods During the data collection process, both the primary and secondary data will be used. During the primary research collection process, it will be inferred that surveys and questionnaires will be provided to students and youths in Australia to get an idea about the education structure in Australia and the role of education factors in the employability in Australia. On the other hand, the application and the utility of quantitative technique will lend a cohesive and comprehensive in the unemployment level and the impact of such evil (Smyth, 2013). The use of secondary source of data in the research will include the use of scholarly journals and articles on the research topic and government websites for obtaining and deriving factual data on the topic. 3.3 Data Analysis For the purpose of conducting the research and interpreting the data, two methods are used. These two methods used are statistical analysis and case study analysis. The quantitative technique utilizes statistical analysis, in which statistical calculations like mean, median and mode are used for estimating a conclusive outcome. For qualitative purpose, case study analysis is used in which, observations and inferences relating to the research topic is derived from different case studies. 3.4 Activity Chart [Refer to appendix] The research outcome of this research study is to highlight the fact that education plays an important role in improving job opportunities and holds significant value in the employability among youths in Australia. The research has been conducted and undertaken to highlight the value and importance of education in reducing unemployment and increasing employability chances. It has been established in the research that higher the education qualification, the higher the chances of employment. Reference List Bhandari, R., Blumenthal, P. (2013). International students and global mobility in higher education: National trends and new directions.International Studies,1(11), 316-317. Carvalho, P. (2015).Youth Unemployment in Australia. Croucher, G., Woelert, P. (2015). Institutional isomorphism and the creation of the unified national system of higher education in Australia: an empirical analysis.Higher Education, 1-15. Davidson, P. (2014, August). Long-term unemployment: The Achilles heelof the Job Services Australia model. InManuscript presented at the. Eichengreen, B. J., Hatton, T. J. (Eds.). (2012).Interwar unemployment in international perspective(Vol. 43). Springer Science Business Media. Hall, R., Agarwal, R., Green, R. (2013). The future of management education in Australia: challenges and innovations.education+ training,55(4/5), 348-369. Marginson, S. (2015). International education in Australia: The roller coaster.International Higher Education, (68), 11-13. Milner, A., Morrell, S., LaMontagne, A. D. (2014). Economically inactive, unemployed and employed suicides in Australia by age and sex over a 10-year period: what was the impact of the 2007 economic recession?.International journal of epidemiology,43(5), 1500-1507. Milner, A., Page, A., LaMontagne, A. D. (2013). Duration of unemployment and suicide in Australia over the period 19852006: an ecological investigation by sex and age during rising versus declining national unemployment rates.Journal of epidemiology and community health,67(3), 237-244. Qi, X., Hu, W., Page, A., Tong, S. (2015). Associations between climate variability, unemployment and suicide in Australia: a multicity study.BMC psychiatry,15(1), 1. Shah, M., Sid Nair, C. (2013). Private for-profit higher education in Australia: widening access, participation and opportunities for public-private collaboration.Higher Education Research Development,32(5), 820-832. Smyth, J. (2013). Losing our way? Challenging the direction of teacher education in Australia by reframing it around the Socially Just School.Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education,41(1), 111-122.

The Bubble Economy of Japan Essay Example For Students

The Bubble Economy of Japan Essay The Bubble Economy of JapanThe Economy of Japan had experience a tremendous growth since the end of theKorean war. The growth of GNP in 1967 and 1968 was above 10 % (double digitgrowth period) which exceed countries such as Britain, France and Germany. Theeconomy experienced a boost is due to many reasons, such as: enlargement ofindustrial facilities, massive adaptation of western technology and education,lower the military expense to 1% of GNP, relation with power nation, humanresources and their spirit to achieve zero defect program. But after the firstand second oil crisis that occur from 1973 onward. The economy move downwardspartially due to the poor management of economic policy. Although the governmenthad attempt to adjust the economic policy but the recovery was slow. As thesoaring of yen continues the demand for export has increase tremendously. Withthe concern of the United State of this problem, president Reagan and the G5have signed an agreement with Japan called Plaza Ag reement , the agreementstated that the exchange rate of Japan and Deutschmark can appreciate againstthe U.S. . Since then the yen value began to appreciate, Japan was goingthrough a period of trade balance adjustment. While Japan is prepare to gothrough a period of trade balance adjustment, it will also suffer a period ofrecession, so the government strongly encourage business activities tostrengthen the economy in order to prevent backwash effect. It was this eventwhich boost up the GNP and raise the exchange rate. With this exchange rateadvantage it stimulate business activity on housing and stock investment whichcreated a bubble economy. During this period almost the entire country wasinvolve in land speculation or other speculate activities. In this essay itwill prove that land speculative activities had create many negative impacts tothe Japanese society and economy. Firstly, it will describe the cause of landspeculation. Secondly it will discuss on the society and political ef fects inJapan and lastly it will focus on the economy effects, more over it will includethe aftermath when the bubble collapse. We will write a custom essay on The Bubble Economy of Japan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The root of this bubble economy is due the wave of land speculation. The widespread of land speculation activities were mainly because it is profitable. Thespeculative transactions in assets grew and grew and many believe that this willlast for very long period of time. One of the reason that leads to massiveinvestment in the risky activities is because of the success of the Japanese inthe international market during 70*s 80*s. Many Japanese enterprises andbusiness man had become very wealthy. These people have a large sum of equityto invest. Some of these people have focus on risky asset such as stocks andland, therefore many of the regular ventures were left behind. One of the majorcause of the massive transaction in the land market was due the incremental ofloans by banks. Financial institution was very positive in lending money to theenterprise. This enhance the accessibility to the land speculate market. Eachsize of this loan is very large. This is because the size of mortgage in Japanfinancial institutions are based on the collateral, (house) while in NorthAmerica the size of the mortgage is based on the borrower*s income stream. Therefore the size of loan can be obtain by borrower is larger in Japan thanNorth America. Also 62% of Japanese households own the home that they live andin average the value is near 4 million yen. Therefore there are lots ofpotential investors. And during the period of speculative activities, borrowersincrease the value of their loans as the value of their collateral increases. .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3 , .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3 .postImageUrl , .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3 , .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3:hover , .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3:visited , .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3:active { border:0!important; } .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3:active , .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3 .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf7b2fd16ef4e16f0c0bd6db93de5a5a3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Frees - Growth of Janie in Their Eyes Were W EssaySince asset is highly liquidate, the number of potential speculators are highand borrowers in Japan were able to get a larger size loan on real estatetherefore speculative activities sink into the level of common home owner andlarge enterprise. Beside the method of calculating mortgage size, another reasonwhy the size of loan was so large is probably that both the bank and theinvestor were behind the land speculation activity (banking scandal). Investorswere paying some key money (sort of a bribe) to financial institution in orderto obtain a larger size loan. Therefore many financial institutions were overloan during this p eriod. Another form of raising cash flow for the speculatemarket was by braking down a loan that obtain from a large financial institutionto a specific enterprise,